What is the process of translating mRNA into an amino acid sequence called?

The process of translating mRNA into an amino acid sequence is referred to as translation. During translation, ribosomes read the sequence of the messenger RNA (mRNA), interpreting the codons – which are groups of three nucleotides – into corresponding amino acids. This process occurs in the cytoplasm where ribosomes facilitate the assembly of amino acids according to the sequence dictated by the mRNA, ultimately forming polypeptides or proteins.

In contrast, transcription is the process by which DNA is copied into mRNA, and replication refers to the duplication of DNA to ensure that each new cell has a complete set of genetic material. Mutation involves a change in the DNA sequence, which can result in alterations to the genetic code, but it does not describe the process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA. Understanding translation is crucial as it is a key step in gene expression and essential for the proper functioning of cells.