NBEO Biochemistry Practice Exam

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• Which of the following is NOT considered an Omega-3 fatty acid?
• Which processes occur in the liver after a large meal?
• Which of the following is a common example of positive feedback?
• Which vitamin serves as a cofactor in collagen synthesis and acts as an antioxidant?
• Which pathway is primarily responsible for breaking down glycogen into glucose?
• What is the term for the amount of heat given off or absorbed in a reaction?
• When Km is high, how does this affect the enzyme's affinity for the substrate?
• Which process is promoted by sympathetic stimulation?
• Which process is promoted by parasympathetic stimulation?
• Which form of RNA carries the anticodon during protein synthesis?
• How does non-competitive inhibition affect Vmax?
• Does the Pentose Phosphate pathway reduce or increase glutathione levels?
• What is a common method used to amplify quantities of DNA?
• Which of the following is NOT a trinucleotide repeat mutation disorder?
• Beta carotene is the major precursor for which vitamin?
• What is the initiation codon for every mRNA strand?
• Which vitamin plays a crucial role in calcium absorption?
• Which class of medication inhibits DNA compaction in bacteria?
• What is the sign of delta G for non-spontaneous reactions?
• What is the primary purpose of Beta oxidation?
• Which type of amino acids must be obtained from the diet because they cannot be synthesized in the body?
• If a substance gains electrons, does it become oxidized or reduced?
• Which cycle is primarily responsible for the oxidation of Acetyl CoA?
• Which of the following steps occurs in the cell cytoplasm? (Choose 2)
• In the context of enzyme kinetics, which type of inhibition does not affect the binding affinity of the substrate to the active site?
• What is the key molecule involved in Glycogenolysis, Pentose Phosphate Shunt, and Glycogenesis?
• Which acid is a precursor to the production of eicosanoids?
• Which compound is crucial for the Krebs cycle to proceed following glycolysis?
• Which amino acid serves as a building block for neurotransmitters?
• In which type of inhibition is Km unchanged?
• Warfarin is an antagonist of which vitamin?
• Which condition favors a spontaneous reaction according to the concept of Gibbs free energy?
• What type of fatty acid typically exists as a liquid at room temperature?
• Which of the following is NOT a polysaccharide?
• Which of the following is NOT associated with an excess of copper?
• What happens to the maximum reaction rate (Vmax) in non-competitive inhibition?
• A deficiency of which vitamin can lead to scurvy?
• What happens to Vmax during competitive inhibition?
• Which of the following is a water soluble vitamin?
• Which of the following is NOT a mitochondrial DNA disorder associated with Electron Transport Chain and ATP synthesis?
• Beriberi is associated with which vitamin deficiency?
• Which technique would be used to study proteins?
• Amino acids that yield pyruvate upon breakdown are classified as?
• Does albumin have a globular or fibrous tertiary protein structure?
• Which phase of the cell cycle follows the DNA synthesis phase?
• What is the main function of the primary structure of an amino acid?
• What type of ring structure do purines have?
• Is glutamate considered an essential or non-essential amino acid?
• Which phase of the cell cycle is the period of cell growth and the preparation of chromosomes for DNA replication?
• Which vitamin is crucial for the synthesis of neurotransmitters?
• Which Vitamin D deficiency is primarily associated with adults?
• What is analyzed using a "Northern Blot"?
• What is the disaccharide formed by glucose and galactose?
• Which of the following is a primary risk factor in dyslipidemias?
• Which strand of DNA allows DNA polymerase and helicase to work in the same direction?
• What is the precursor amino acid for tyrosine?
• What is a specific phospholipid found in nerve cell membranes and a major component of myelin sheath?
• What disease is primarily caused by Vitamin C deficiency?
• What is the primary effect of competitive inhibition on Km?
• Where does oxidative phosphorylation primarily take place?
• What is the minimum HDL level that should be maintained?
• Acetyl CoA can produce all of the following ketone bodies EXCEPT ____________.
• What is the total amount of FADH2 produced by aerobic respiration?
• _____________ is the major precursor for vitamin A and is found in carrots and orange vegetables.
• Alpha helices and beta sheets are associated with which protein structural level?
• What is the process of converting DNA into mRNA called?
• Which Vitamin is present in the AREDS 1 formula but NOT in the AREDS 2 formula?
• Which signaling type is characterized by a cell affecting itself with its own signaling molecules?
• Which antibody is primarily involved in Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions?
• What is the main storage form of glucose in humans?
• Which Vitamin is also known as Cobalamin?
• What type of light can cause the formation of pyrimidine dimers between thymines?
• As adenyl cyclase increases, the levels of cAMP do what?
• What term describes the process of programmed cell death?
• Which compound acts as a structural component in connective tissues?
• Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of Acetyl CoA to citric acid in the Krebs cycle?
• Does delta G in Gibbs free energy provide information about the rate of the reaction or the direction of the reaction?
• Are prostaglandins saturated or unsaturated fatty acids?
• Which amino acid is a precursor for serotonin?
• What is the first FDA-approved anti-sense drug for the treatment of CMV retinitis?
• Which antibody is the most plentiful antibody in the body?
• What is the first antibody made in response to an antigen?
• Which antibody is primarily found in tears, saliva, breast milk, and mucous membranes?
• Which factor is primarily affected by non-competitive inhibition?
• Which process occurs within the mitochondria to convert fatty acids into acetyl CoA?
• What effect do positive allosteric ligands have on Km?
• What is the result of a missense mutation?
• How does the presence of a non-competitive inhibitor affect substrate saturation?
• Which of the following is produced by the Pentose Phosphate Shunt system? (Choose 2)
• What type of signaling occurs when a cell responds to its own signal molecule?
• Which of the following is considered a primary substrate for gluconeogenesis?
• Which effect regarding competitive inhibition is NOT true?
• A peptide bond is found primarily in which macromolecule?
• What is the main type of collagen found in Descemet's membrane?
• When are ketone bodies produced?
• What is the effect of negative allosteric ligands on Km?
• Which of the following is NOT considered a collagen disorder?
• Do saturated or unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds?
• Beta oxidation primarily occurs in which cellular organelle?
• What is the primary polysaccharide found in the vitreous body?
• Which of the following occurs in the mitochondrial matrix? (Choose 2)
• What type of protein structure is primarily responsible for enzyme function?
• In the context of molecular biology, what does "Western Blot" typically test for?
• Proteins that serve as enzymes primarily function by lowering the _____________ energy needed to initiate a reaction.
• Which type of signaling method allows for the release of chemical signals to affect nearby cells?
• Where is Type 1 collagen NOT primarily found?
• Which Vitamin is also known as Ascorbic Acid?
• Gluconeogenesis primarily occurs in which organ?
• What is the effect of temperature on exothermic reactions?
• Carbohydrate catabolism yields ____________ cal/g.
• Spina bifida is primarily caused by a deficiency in which vitamin?
• During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA synthesis and replication occur?
• In terms of antibody function, what is the primary role of IgG?
• What is the disaccharide formed from glucose + glucose?
• Which vitamin deficiency is primarily responsible for Pernicious anemia?
• What is the net gain of ATP and NADH produced by glycolysis per glucose molecule?
• What type of reaction has a negative change in Gibbs free energy?
• What is produced as a by-product of the PCR process?
• What is the main role of tRNA during protein synthesis?
• Which polysaccharide is predominantly found in the cornea?
• Which type of chemical bond is considered the strongest?
• What are the two major pyrimidines present in RNA?
• What effect does non-competitive inhibition have on Km?
• What is the process of translating mRNA into an amino acid sequence called?
• Which pathway produces leukotrienes?
• What is the total net ATP produced per glucose molecule during aerobic respiration?
• When oxygen is available, pyruvate is converted to which molecule to enter the Krebs cycle?
• What is the relationship between adenyl cyclase activity and cAMP levels?
• What is the linear graphical representation of the Michaelis-Menten equation?
• Which vitamin deficiency is most likely to result in impaired DNA replication?
• Which type of endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosomes?
• Is an endothermic reaction characterized as having a positive or negative delta H?
• Is carbonic acid primarily an intracellular or extracellular buffer?
• Among the antibodies, which one is the least abundant in serum?
• Which of the following is NOT considered an Eicosanoid?
• What type of bond is primarily responsible for the texture of saturated fats?
• Oxidative phosphorylation is primarily associated with which cellular organelle?
• Is an exothermic reaction characterized as having positive or negative delta H?
• What type of bond links multiple amino acids together in proteins?
• Which vitamin is known for its role in blood coagulation?
• Collagen is a protein that has what type of helix structure?
• What are the 3 main ketone bodies produced by Acetyl CoA?
• Which two compounds are recognized as disaccharides?
• What type of signaling involves the release of hormones into the bloodstream?
• What is the correct sequence of the main stages of mitosis?
• Which molecule is primarily responsible for carrying genetic information?
• Which type of inhibition keeps Km constant while decreasing Vmax?
• Albinism is associated with a mutation in an enzyme that converts which amino acid to melanin?
• What does the Pentose Phosphate Shunt help synthesize?
• In which type of inhibition is Vmax unchanged?
• What is the primary role of tryptophan in the body?
• What does a higher Km value indicate about an enzyme's efficiency?
• Which of the following does NOT occur in the mitochondria of a cell?
• Are Omega 3 or Omega 6 fatty acids considered anti-inflammatory?
• Which of the following vitamins does NOT act as an antioxidant?
• Where are gap junctions typically NOT located?
• What are the major components of the lipid bilayer in cell membranes?
• Which of the following is a symptom of Vitamin A deficiency?
• Which of the following electron carriers is primarily involved in the synthesis of cholesterol, fatty acids, and steroids?
• Which protein structure is critical for multiple polypeptides to come together and function as a complex?
• What type of reaction primarily forms peptide bonds between amino acids?
• Is dihydrogen phosphate primarily an intracellular or extracellular buffer?
• Which two organs are primarily involved in glycogenolysis?
• Which of the following are the purines?
• Which type of receptor decreases adenyl cyclase and cAMP levels when stimulated?
• Protein catabolism yields ___________ cal/g.
• Which of the following amino acids is a precursor for dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine?
• Which of the following is NOT considered a type of lipid?
• Which type of mutation results in the alteration of hemoglobin in sickle cell disease?
• What type of structure do polysaccharides typically form?
• Which statement about hemoglobin is NOT true?
• Which type of fat is primarily associated with heart disease when present in high levels?
• What is the function of glycoproteins in the body?
• Which Vitamin is also known as Pyridoxine?
• Excessive levels of which type of cholesterol are generally seen as harmful?
• In which phase of the cell cycle are organelles duplicated in preparation for mitosis?
• Where does glycogenesis primarily take place?
• Which Vitamin is critical for turnover of epithelial tissue and goblet cell function?
• Which of the following is a characteristic of glycogen?
• Which vitamin is also known as Tocopherol?
• Which Vitamin deficiency is associated with Pellagra?
• Which vitamin is also known as Retinol?
• Which of the following is a major pyrimidine found in DNA?
• Which Vitamin is associated with Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome and alcoholism?
• Vitamin B6 is primarily important for which bodily function?
• Which of the following is NOT a function of lipids?
• In the context of energy metabolism, what primarily occurs during the postprandial state?
• Does insulin promote glycogenesis or glycogenolysis?
• Which of the following is NOT used to generate new glucose via gluconeogenesis?
• How do negative allosteric ligands affect the Lineweaver-Burk plot?
• What is the most common vitamin deficiency seen worldwide and often associated with alcoholism?
• What condition is associated with Wilson's disease?
• What is the total amount of NADH produced by aerobic respiration?
• Which vitamin deficiency is likely to cause keratoconus?
• Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by preparation for cell division?
• If a substance loses electrons, does it become oxidized or reduced?
• Which of the following options is not a pyrimidine?
• Total cholesterol levels should be less than which value?
• Which group of organic molecules includes fats, oils, and waxes?
• Which of the following is NOT considered a water-soluble vitamin?
• Which type of molecule has a larger carbohydrate component: Proteoglycans or Glycoproteins?
• What does the "Southern Blot" technique primarily analyze?
• What mnemonic could be used to remember the types of blots and their focus?
• If oxygen is not available, pyruvate is converted to which compound during anaerobic glycolysis?
• Which of the following represents the largest caloric yield among macronutrients?
• LDL levels should be less than ____________ with heart disease risk factors?
• Which vitamin plays a crucial role in maintaining healthy vision?
• Which of the following amino acids is NOT commonly found in collagen?
• What does Km represent in the Michaelis-Menten equation?
• Pyrimidines have what kind of ring structure?
• Which of the following is NOT caused by Vitamin A toxicity?
• Which vitamin acts as an essential cofactor for collagen synthesis?
• What role does lactic acid play in anaerobic glycolysis?
• Is Arachidonic acid considered an Omega 3 or Omega 6 fatty acid?
• The Pentose Phosphate shunt metabolizes which of the following to form NADPH?
• What is the term used for the simultaneous use of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration pathways?
• During competitive inhibition, what effect does it have on Km?
• Which molecule is primarily involved in energy storage in the body?
• Lipid catabolism yields ___________ cal/g.
• Do acids donate or accept hydrogen ions?
• What is the most abundant protein found in the human body?
• How many ATP are produced per FADH2 during oxidative phosphorylation?
• What impact does competitive inhibition have on the overall reaction velocity at high substrate concentrations?
• Which part of the DNA codes for proteins?
• Which Vitamin is also known as Niacin?
• Ricketts and Osteomalacia are caused by which vitamin deficiency?
• What is the main function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
• What term measures the disorder or randomness of a reaction?
• All proteins contain which component in their structure?
• According to Gibbs free energy, will a spontaneous reaction more likely occur at a higher or lower temperature?
• During fasting conditions, which processes are likely to occur?
• Which component contributes to the structure of cell membranes besides phospholipids?
• Which of the following can Acetyl CoA NOT be used for?
• Which pathway produces Prostaglandins and Thromboxanes?
• Which medication is known to target DNA polymerase?
• Which part of the DNA does NOT code for proteins?
• Which fatty acid is primarily found in fish oil and is beneficial for heart health?
• Which vitamin serves as a component of rhodopsin and iodopsin?
• Amino acids that yield Acetyl CoA when they are broken down are termed what?
• Which strand of DNA allows DNA polymerase and helicase to work in the opposite direction?
• DNA replication is considered a ___________ process.
• In the context of thermodynamics, what does an increase in entropy generally indicate?
• How many hydrogen bonds are formed between adenine and thymine?
• Which of the following generates the highest amount of calories per gram?
• Which hormone acts antagonistically to insulin?
• What is the predominant type of collagen found in the vitreous body of the eye?
• Which two options are considered polysaccharides?
• Which bond type is most important for maintaining the tertiary structure of a protein?
• Does competitive inhibition shift the x-intercept of the Lineweaver-Burk plot to the right or left?
• Do exergonic (-G) reactions release energy and occur spontaneously?
• What equation represents the relationship between pH and pOH?
• The presence of which substance in the duodenum stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder?
• Osteogenesis imperfecta and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome primarily target which type of collagen?
• What is considered the most toxic fat soluble vitamin?
• Which structural level of proteins contains non-covalent and covalent disulfide bonds to form multimers?
• Which vitamin is also known as Calciferol?
• Which Vitamin is also known as Thiamine?
• Which mineral is essential for thyroid function?
• Which condition is linked to deficiencies in the enzyme converting phenylalanine to tyrosine?
• Does collagen have a globular or fibrous tertiary protein structure?
• What is the process called when one substrate binding increases the affinity of the enzyme for additional substrates?
• In the presence of a competitive inhibitor, how does the affinity for the substrate change?
• Which of the following is NOT considered an important electron carrier in biological reactions?
• How many ATP are produced per NADH during oxidative phosphorylation?
• What does the acronym "Mr. Wilson is MAD" help to remember?
• What are the pyrimidines found in nucleic acids?
• Which Vitamin is also known as Riboflavin?
• What is the main function of lipogenesis?
• What is considered the least toxic fat soluble vitamin?
• Which statement about insulin and glucagon is NOT true?
• Which amino acid is a precursor for melanin?
• Which type of inhibition shifts the Lineweaver-Burk plot to the right?
• What would you expect to observe on the Lineweaver-Burk plot if a positive allosteric regulator is introduced?
• Which amino acid is known to be ketogenic and glucogenic?
• Does glucagon promote glycogenesis or glycogenolysis?
• What is the only antibody that is able to cross the placenta?
• What effect does non-competitive inhibition have on the y-intercept of the Lineweaver-Burk plot?
• Which disaccharide is created from glucose and fructose?
• Night blindness and Bitot's spots are associated with the deficiency of which vitamin?
• Out of the following, which is the most abundant energy source in the human diet?
• What is the nature of the bond between monosaccharides in disaccharides?
• Vitamin D excess is known to exacerbate which condition?
• What are yellow, sharply demarcated cholesterol deposits within the periorbital skin called?
• Do bases donate or accept hydrogen ions?
• Which Vitamin D deficiency is primarily associated with children?
• Are Omega 3 or Omega 6 fatty acids considered pro-inflammatory?
• What is the major source of ATP in aerobic organisms?